RECUPERATION

RECUPERATION EXAM 8TH
Content
Humans and the Environment S19-S24
The Diversity of Modern Life S28-S38
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids S52-S58
What is Motion? S72-S78
Laws of Motion S79-S83
Gravitation S84-S87
Earth’s Moving Crust S108-S114
Rocks and the Rock Cycle S115-S123
Recuperation I Exam (Review and Test)



RECUPERATION EXAM 7TH
Content:
Scientific Classification S24-S26
Cells: The Stuff of Life S36-S42
More About Bacteria and Viruses S72-S77
Matter and Molecules S86-S89
Measuring Matter S90- S93
What is Energy? S136-S141
Energy for Society S148-S158
Recuperation I Exam (Review and Test)

Final Grades

Final Grades.

Notas de Presentacion.

Notas de Presentacion

Review 8th ( for Friday, May 22)

Content:

23-1 A Garden in Space p 501

23-2 The Beginning of the Garden. p503

23-3 Breaking Ground. p 507.

24-1 Water Everywhere

The Plant Body p S162

How plant contribute to our lives? Food, shade, beauty, flowers, building materials, medicines.

Biosphere: An area or region where conditions are suitable for living things to survive.

All living things have basic needs that are necessary for their survival regardless of where they are ( food, air, light, and water). In order for people to colonize other planets, an environments similar to the Earth’s must be established.

Germinate: to sprout or begin to develop. Given the right conditions, seeds will develop into plants.

Ferns (Seedless plants) use spore capsules for reproduction.

Gymnosperms (Seed plants) conifers or cone bearing plants, have naked (uncovered) seed and angiosperm (seed plant) flowering plants have covered seed.

Draw and describe the life Cycle of a Plant.

Soil is made up of rock and mineral particles and the decaying remains of living things (organic matter and humus).

Function: Soil provides support for the roots of plants and holds the water, air, and nutrients needed for plant growth.

Soils with fine particles have a greater water holding capacity (amount of water a soil can hold) than soils with coarse particles.

Factors affecting plant growth include soil type, temperature, nutrients, water, and light.

Humus: a part of fertile soil that is derived from the decomposition of living things.

Loam: a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.

Nutrients: chemicals needed for the functioning and growth of living things.

Percolation rate: The speed at which a certain volume of water passes through a sample of soil.

Texture: the feel of soil. What determines the texture of soil? The particle size.

Describe the 3 types of soil (sand, silt, and clay)

Most plant have leaves, stems, and roots and produce flowers.

Leaves produce food by photosynthesis. Are the food making organs of plants. during photosynthesis plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. Structure of Leaves: blades are thin and flat. Veins bring water and minerals into the leaf. Epidermis is a layer of cells that covers both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and prevents the loss of water from inner cells. chloroplast: organelles inside the leaf that absorbs light for photosynthesis. Stomata: Small pores in leaves that allow gases to enter and leave plants. Function of leaves: food making activities, release water inside the plant into the atmosphere.

Stem is the midsection of a plant's body, that in most plants, grows above the ground.

Stem function: hold up the leaves and transport materials through continuous strands of vascular tissue (vascular tissue are groups of water carrying and food carrying cells). Types of Stems: Herbaceous stem: are soft and flexible stems, such as beans, grasses. Woody stems: are stiff and hard, such as trees.

Roots are the part of a plant's body that, in most cases grows under ground.

Roots functions: anchor a plant in the ground, and absorb water and minerals through root hairs. Types of roots: Taproots are large, central roots that grow almost straight down. Most branch, but the branches are much smaller than the main root. Fibrous roots: consist of many thin roots that are all about the same size. often form a dense network near the surface of the soil. they branch extensively and have no single main root. Structure: Root hair: absorbs most of the water (are extensions of the epidermal cells). The growing region of the roots are at the tip of it protected by a root cap.

Stems and roots grow in length by producing new cells at their tips.

Flowers are structures used in reproduction. Perfect flower contain both male and female parts (hermaphrodites). The male part of the flower produces pollen grains which five rise to sperm cells. The female part, produces egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a stamen (male part) to a pistil (female part).

Be able to label all the parts of a leaf and flower.

Water enters a plant through its roots and exits through its leaves.

Water moves from one plant cell to another by osmosis.

A plant’s structure permits the distribution of water throughout the plant.

Osmosis: movement of water particles across a semipermeable membrane to areas where water particles are less concentrated.

Photosynthesis: the process in which green plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food. Stomata: Narrow openings in the leaves of a plant through which gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor) pass into and out of the plant.

Transpiration: the movement of water out of a plant through the stomata in its leaves.

How does a plant take in water? through the roots (absorption).

How is the water released again into the Earth’s environment? through the stomata in the leaves (transpiration).

What determines the direction that the water move? (osmosis) concentration of solutes.

Review 7th. (for Friday, May 22).

Content:
23-1 How Heat Gets Around. p 420 S165- S167

23-2 Conduction- Heat Transfer Through a Material. p 424

23-3 Convection- Heat Transfer by Currents. p 431.S165-S170

23-4 Radiation- Heat in a Hurry. p 437. S166-S168

Heat always flows from a hotter place to a cooler place.

Conduction occurs when heat flows through a substance or between substances that are in contact with one another Heat transfer by direct contact between heated particles. Radiation occurs when heat travels through empty space or through a transparent material, without heating the space or the material between the heat source and the heated object. Convection: the transfer of heat in a liquid or gas as groups of heated particles move from one region to another. Occurs when heat is transported as a result of the movement of the heated material.

Show how conduction, convection, and radiation can be compared to the way a football is moved around a playing field. (kicking represents radiation, handing the football from player to player represents conduction, and running with the football represents convection). .

Why is it possible to boil the water (on a paper cup) without burning the cup? Heat is conducted through the paper to the water so that both the cup and the water remain at about the same temperature. Water boils at a lower temperature than that at which the cup burns, so the water boils first.

Some materials are better conductors of heat than others. The conduction rate of a material is affected by its composition and size, by the temperature of the heat source, and by the distance of the material from the heat source. Insulator is a material that slows down the flow of heat or carry heat very poorly.

Good conductors of heat include copper, brass, and iron (metals). Poor conductors or insulators are plastic, air, rubber, glass and wood.

Air is a poor conductor of heat. Small air pockets in wool, fur and feathers help to keep heat from passing through these material. As a result, body heat becomes trapped between a person’s body and a garment made from wool, fur, or feather.

Hot or warm air tends to rise, and cold or cool air tends to fall. In a liquid or gas system, convection currents will occur if the temperature is colder at the top of the system than at the bottom of the system. Convection occurs when heat travels as a result of the movement of the material being heated. It is the difference in temperature from one point to another that determines whether convection will occur.

In a sunny day, the air above the land is warmer than the air above the water. The warmer air above the land rises and cooler air from the water moves in, causing the sea breeze. At night the reverse happens. The land becomes cooler than the water. The warmer air above the water rises and the cooler air from the land moves in to take its place. Water can absorb more heat than land and land loses its heat more quickly.

Through what kinds of substances does heat travel by convection? Liquids and gases.

Why doesn’t convection occur in solids? Convection depends on the motion of the material. In a solid the material is not free to move as it is in a gas or liquid.

How is heat transferred from the sun? electromagnetic radiation.

How is the heat from the sun redistributed? By winds and ocean current.

What determines weather and climate? Movement of heat through the oceans, atmosphere and land. Which depends on the angle of the sun’s rays, the density of the atmosphere and the rotation of the Earth.

Greenhouse effect (the trapping of the radiant heat by the Earth’s atmosphere). Infrared waves get trapped by some gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, causing the Earth to become even warmer.

Two Causes of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Clearing the forest and burning of fossil fuels.

Major contributors to the greenhouse effect: water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

Possible effects of the greenhouse effect: global increase in temperature which could result in a change in the sea level (melting of poles)

Possible solution to the greenhouse effect: Reducing the use of fossil fuels, reducing emission from automobiles and factories. Planting new trees, etc.

Why the earth is not heated evenly? Because of the Earth’s curved shape. Polar regions receive much less solar energy than the regions near the equator.

Convection causes air to move between the Earth’s cold and warm region. Almost all winds are driven by convection patterns that occur because of uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.

What is a convection cell? A complete circle of moving liquid or gas cause by temperature differences. Ex. Cycle of air heating, rising, cooling and returning to the ground.

Role of water in the moderation of the climate. Water is able to store much more heat energy than land. Large bodies of water tend to moderate the climate of nearby areas.

What Hurricanes are? Are giant natural heat engines that feed on the thermal energy contained in tropical seas. These huge storms typically form in the tropics and then veer into the temperate zones, dissipating enormous amounts of tropical heat as they go.

White color reflect most of the radiant energy.

Dark color absorb most the the radiant energy.