RECUPERATION

RECUPERATION EXAM 8TH
Content
Humans and the Environment S19-S24
The Diversity of Modern Life S28-S38
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids S52-S58
What is Motion? S72-S78
Laws of Motion S79-S83
Gravitation S84-S87
Earth’s Moving Crust S108-S114
Rocks and the Rock Cycle S115-S123
Recuperation I Exam (Review and Test)



RECUPERATION EXAM 7TH
Content:
Scientific Classification S24-S26
Cells: The Stuff of Life S36-S42
More About Bacteria and Viruses S72-S77
Matter and Molecules S86-S89
Measuring Matter S90- S93
What is Energy? S136-S141
Energy for Society S148-S158
Recuperation I Exam (Review and Test)

Final Grades

Final Grades.

Notas de Presentacion.

Notas de Presentacion

Review 8th ( for Friday, May 22)

Content:

23-1 A Garden in Space p 501

23-2 The Beginning of the Garden. p503

23-3 Breaking Ground. p 507.

24-1 Water Everywhere

The Plant Body p S162

How plant contribute to our lives? Food, shade, beauty, flowers, building materials, medicines.

Biosphere: An area or region where conditions are suitable for living things to survive.

All living things have basic needs that are necessary for their survival regardless of where they are ( food, air, light, and water). In order for people to colonize other planets, an environments similar to the Earth’s must be established.

Germinate: to sprout or begin to develop. Given the right conditions, seeds will develop into plants.

Ferns (Seedless plants) use spore capsules for reproduction.

Gymnosperms (Seed plants) conifers or cone bearing plants, have naked (uncovered) seed and angiosperm (seed plant) flowering plants have covered seed.

Draw and describe the life Cycle of a Plant.

Soil is made up of rock and mineral particles and the decaying remains of living things (organic matter and humus).

Function: Soil provides support for the roots of plants and holds the water, air, and nutrients needed for plant growth.

Soils with fine particles have a greater water holding capacity (amount of water a soil can hold) than soils with coarse particles.

Factors affecting plant growth include soil type, temperature, nutrients, water, and light.

Humus: a part of fertile soil that is derived from the decomposition of living things.

Loam: a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.

Nutrients: chemicals needed for the functioning and growth of living things.

Percolation rate: The speed at which a certain volume of water passes through a sample of soil.

Texture: the feel of soil. What determines the texture of soil? The particle size.

Describe the 3 types of soil (sand, silt, and clay)

Most plant have leaves, stems, and roots and produce flowers.

Leaves produce food by photosynthesis. Are the food making organs of plants. during photosynthesis plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. Structure of Leaves: blades are thin and flat. Veins bring water and minerals into the leaf. Epidermis is a layer of cells that covers both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and prevents the loss of water from inner cells. chloroplast: organelles inside the leaf that absorbs light for photosynthesis. Stomata: Small pores in leaves that allow gases to enter and leave plants. Function of leaves: food making activities, release water inside the plant into the atmosphere.

Stem is the midsection of a plant's body, that in most plants, grows above the ground.

Stem function: hold up the leaves and transport materials through continuous strands of vascular tissue (vascular tissue are groups of water carrying and food carrying cells). Types of Stems: Herbaceous stem: are soft and flexible stems, such as beans, grasses. Woody stems: are stiff and hard, such as trees.

Roots are the part of a plant's body that, in most cases grows under ground.

Roots functions: anchor a plant in the ground, and absorb water and minerals through root hairs. Types of roots: Taproots are large, central roots that grow almost straight down. Most branch, but the branches are much smaller than the main root. Fibrous roots: consist of many thin roots that are all about the same size. often form a dense network near the surface of the soil. they branch extensively and have no single main root. Structure: Root hair: absorbs most of the water (are extensions of the epidermal cells). The growing region of the roots are at the tip of it protected by a root cap.

Stems and roots grow in length by producing new cells at their tips.

Flowers are structures used in reproduction. Perfect flower contain both male and female parts (hermaphrodites). The male part of the flower produces pollen grains which five rise to sperm cells. The female part, produces egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a stamen (male part) to a pistil (female part).

Be able to label all the parts of a leaf and flower.

Water enters a plant through its roots and exits through its leaves.

Water moves from one plant cell to another by osmosis.

A plant’s structure permits the distribution of water throughout the plant.

Osmosis: movement of water particles across a semipermeable membrane to areas where water particles are less concentrated.

Photosynthesis: the process in which green plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food. Stomata: Narrow openings in the leaves of a plant through which gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor) pass into and out of the plant.

Transpiration: the movement of water out of a plant through the stomata in its leaves.

How does a plant take in water? through the roots (absorption).

How is the water released again into the Earth’s environment? through the stomata in the leaves (transpiration).

What determines the direction that the water move? (osmosis) concentration of solutes.

Review 7th. (for Friday, May 22).

Content:
23-1 How Heat Gets Around. p 420 S165- S167

23-2 Conduction- Heat Transfer Through a Material. p 424

23-3 Convection- Heat Transfer by Currents. p 431.S165-S170

23-4 Radiation- Heat in a Hurry. p 437. S166-S168

Heat always flows from a hotter place to a cooler place.

Conduction occurs when heat flows through a substance or between substances that are in contact with one another Heat transfer by direct contact between heated particles. Radiation occurs when heat travels through empty space or through a transparent material, without heating the space or the material between the heat source and the heated object. Convection: the transfer of heat in a liquid or gas as groups of heated particles move from one region to another. Occurs when heat is transported as a result of the movement of the heated material.

Show how conduction, convection, and radiation can be compared to the way a football is moved around a playing field. (kicking represents radiation, handing the football from player to player represents conduction, and running with the football represents convection). .

Why is it possible to boil the water (on a paper cup) without burning the cup? Heat is conducted through the paper to the water so that both the cup and the water remain at about the same temperature. Water boils at a lower temperature than that at which the cup burns, so the water boils first.

Some materials are better conductors of heat than others. The conduction rate of a material is affected by its composition and size, by the temperature of the heat source, and by the distance of the material from the heat source. Insulator is a material that slows down the flow of heat or carry heat very poorly.

Good conductors of heat include copper, brass, and iron (metals). Poor conductors or insulators are plastic, air, rubber, glass and wood.

Air is a poor conductor of heat. Small air pockets in wool, fur and feathers help to keep heat from passing through these material. As a result, body heat becomes trapped between a person’s body and a garment made from wool, fur, or feather.

Hot or warm air tends to rise, and cold or cool air tends to fall. In a liquid or gas system, convection currents will occur if the temperature is colder at the top of the system than at the bottom of the system. Convection occurs when heat travels as a result of the movement of the material being heated. It is the difference in temperature from one point to another that determines whether convection will occur.

In a sunny day, the air above the land is warmer than the air above the water. The warmer air above the land rises and cooler air from the water moves in, causing the sea breeze. At night the reverse happens. The land becomes cooler than the water. The warmer air above the water rises and the cooler air from the land moves in to take its place. Water can absorb more heat than land and land loses its heat more quickly.

Through what kinds of substances does heat travel by convection? Liquids and gases.

Why doesn’t convection occur in solids? Convection depends on the motion of the material. In a solid the material is not free to move as it is in a gas or liquid.

How is heat transferred from the sun? electromagnetic radiation.

How is the heat from the sun redistributed? By winds and ocean current.

What determines weather and climate? Movement of heat through the oceans, atmosphere and land. Which depends on the angle of the sun’s rays, the density of the atmosphere and the rotation of the Earth.

Greenhouse effect (the trapping of the radiant heat by the Earth’s atmosphere). Infrared waves get trapped by some gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, causing the Earth to become even warmer.

Two Causes of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Clearing the forest and burning of fossil fuels.

Major contributors to the greenhouse effect: water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

Possible effects of the greenhouse effect: global increase in temperature which could result in a change in the sea level (melting of poles)

Possible solution to the greenhouse effect: Reducing the use of fossil fuels, reducing emission from automobiles and factories. Planting new trees, etc.

Why the earth is not heated evenly? Because of the Earth’s curved shape. Polar regions receive much less solar energy than the regions near the equator.

Convection causes air to move between the Earth’s cold and warm region. Almost all winds are driven by convection patterns that occur because of uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.

What is a convection cell? A complete circle of moving liquid or gas cause by temperature differences. Ex. Cycle of air heating, rising, cooling and returning to the ground.

Role of water in the moderation of the climate. Water is able to store much more heat energy than land. Large bodies of water tend to moderate the climate of nearby areas.

What Hurricanes are? Are giant natural heat engines that feed on the thermal energy contained in tropical seas. These huge storms typically form in the tropics and then veer into the temperate zones, dissipating enormous amounts of tropical heat as they go.

White color reflect most of the radiant energy.

Dark color absorb most the the radiant energy.

TEST 7A and 7B.

Review

Our sense of temperature is no always accurate. Thermometers increase the accuracy with which temperature is measured or gauged.

As the temperature of a substance changes, its physical characteristics may change as well. These changes can be used to measure temperature.

Water boil at 100ªC. It freezes at 0ºC. These temperatures form the basis for the Celsius temperature scale. Highest Temperature on earth ever: 58 ºC (Libya North Africa). Lowest temperature on earth: -88 (Vostok station, Antartica). Surface of the sun: 6000. Center of the Earth: 2000-5000. Atomic explosion. 300 to 400 millions.

Our bodies have many processes for regulating temperature, all of which involve the production or elimination of heat. ex: fevers, goose bumps, sweating, or shivering.

Most thermometers measure temperature by gauging the expansion of a gas or a liquid. There are many different kinds of thermometers, each designed for use in a specific setting.

A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature, and it works by undergoing physical changes. Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled (except water). The most commonly used type of thermometer is base on such change. When a liquid, such as mercury of alcohol, is sealed in and evacuated glass tube, it can be used as a thermometer.

When a thermometer is heated ,its liquid expands more than the glass, so it rises in the tube. Cooling causes the liquid to contract and fall.

Temperature is the hotness or coldness of a material. Measures the warmth of an object.

Heat: Is the energy of the random motion of the molecules in an object. The more heat a substance contains, the faster its molecules are moving on average).

Hot and cold water mixed in equal volumes result in water with a temperature halfway between the two.

Exercises:

-Two parts of at 10 ºC and one part at 40 ºC are mixed, find the average temperature for the mixture (Equal amount ).

-30 ml at 60ºC mixed with 60 ml at 30 ºC. Find the average temeprature of the mixture.

Heat is a form of energy. The joule is the metric unit used to measure energy. It is approximately equal to the amount of energy required to raise a 100 g mass 1 m.

The human body requires a certain number of calories daily in order to function properly. Teenager normaly require 8000 to 10000 Kj per day. About half of this is used to keep your body's basic system running- your heart beating, your lungs breathing, and your brain thinking. The rest is used for movement. If your eat too little, you won't have enough every. If your eat too much, you will put on mass- about 1 kg for every 35,000 KJ. Practice conversion KJ to Calorie. 1 calorie=4.2 KJ. Exercises. Convert 6000 KJ into calories. 10,000 KJ into calories.

What is specific heat? Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 ºC. Specific heat of water is 4.2 J/g ºC.

- Exercises. 100 g, 1000 g, and 50 g of water. 800 J, 400 J, 200 J. were added. How much would the temperature raise.

TEST 8A and 8B

Review

21-1 Visitors From Space (455) to 22-2 Earth's Place in the Universe (480).

Meteors are lumps of rock or metal that sometimes enter Earth’s atmosphere.

A meteorite is a meteor that strikes Earth’s surface.

Most of the evidence of meteorite impacts on Earth has been destroyed by weathering and erosion.

Comets are frozen masses of water, dust and other materials, that slowly orbit the Sun.

Asteroids: rocks and boulders that have been observed in the solar system. They are different from comets in that they have to tails.

What is shooting stars? Are not stars at all. Are rock particles or dust that had entered the atmosphere. The heat created as the particles streaked through the atmosphere caused the surrounding air to glow white hot, and the meteor burned up before it could reach Earth’s surface.

Where does the word comet comes from? From the Greek word for hair. The material in the tail of a comet gets left in space and can be responsible for meteor showers.

Comets travel around the Sun in an elliptical path. Some make the journey in less than 7 years. Others may travel in such a large orbit that it takes thousand of years to complete the orbit.

The head, or nucleus, of a comet probably consists of ice, dust, and other frozen substances. As a comet approaches the Sun, heat causes the outer layers of the nucleus to vaporize, This vaporization releases the dust and gases that form the tail. A comet’s tail may extend for 160 million kilometers across space. Solar wind pushes the comet’s tail so that it is always pointing away from the Sun.

Asteroids differ from comets in that they are made mostly of rocky materials. As a result, they do not form comet like tails. Most asteroids are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, forming a band called the asteroid belt.

The comet travels at its greatest speed when it is closest to the Sun and at its lowest speed when it is farthest from the Sun.

Permanent space stations and colony on Marx will probably be reality in the next century. – Mars is more like Earth than any of the other planets.

The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998, and is scheduled to be complete by 2011. As of 2009, the ISS is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit, larger than any previous space station. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 km above the surface of the Earth, travelling at an average speed of 27,700 kilometers per hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day.

Mars Exploration Rover (MER). Once they reach their landing sites, each rover's prime mission will last at least 90 Martian days (92 Earth days). The rovers are solar-powered, and in approximately 90 days, dust slowly accumulating on their solar arrays likely will decrease rover power, bringing to a close each robots sojourn.

- Stars vary in size, color, and temperature. – The color indicate its surface temperature, size and life span. High temperatures are blue-white, low temperatures are red or oranges. (Study table on p S147 (color and temperature) – Stars pass through stages that depend in part on their mass. – The life span of a star is billions of years.

Black hole: a small and dense object formed from a massive collapsing star (supernova) . It has a gravitational pull so strong that even light cannot escape.

Neutron star: a very small star consisting on the remnants of an exploded star. It contains the mass of several Suns, compressed to the size of a small asteroid.

Super giant: a star even larger than a giant star that is very near the end of its life.

Supernova: a high mass star that explodes producing a bright light and leaving behind a neutron star or back hole.

White dwarf: the final stage in the life of low mass stars like the Sun.

Red Giant is a very large and relatively cool star that is nearing its final stages of life. Stars become red giant as they use up their hydrogen and begin burning other fuels.

Neutron stars and black holes begin as very massive stars that explode into supernovas after their red giant stage.

The greater a star’s mass, the brighter it is, the higher tits temperature is, and the faster it uses up its nuclear fuel. Once out of fuel, the star may eventually collapse into a black hole.

The solar system occupies only a tiny part of the universe.

Distances of space are measured in astronomical units and light years. The light from stars in our galaxy was emitted thousand of years ago. The light from other galaxies was emitted millions years ago.

Light year: the distance light travels in one year (about 63,240 AU 0r 9.5 trillion kilometers.) Light travels at 300,000 km/s.

Test 7A and 7B. Monday, April 20th.

Review

Electricity can be generated in many ways. Static electricity causes object to attract one another. Is called static because it builds up on object and does not move. Current electricity flows through wires.

Measuring electrical energy: -The energy consumed by a device is measured in kilowatt/hours.

Electrical appliances use different amount of electricity. POWER refers to how much electrical energy is required to run an appliance for one second and is measured in watts. Energy usage is usually measured in kilowatts/hours and is found by multiplying the power rating of an appliance by the amount of time that the appliance is used.

Kilowatt hour: a measure of electrical energy (equal to 1000 watts being consumed for 1 hour). Power: the rate at which a device uses electrical energy (expressed in watts). Watt: a measure of the rate or energy consumption.

Photosynthesis: the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy, wáter and carbón dioxide to make sugars that they use for food. Cellular respiration: The process by which the energy stored in sugars is released for use by the cells of organisms.

Plants convert energy from the sun into the chemical energy in food. Animals get energy be eating plants or other animals. When plant and animals die, they become food for organism such as bacteria and fungi.

Reactant of photosyntheis: carbon dioxide and water. Products of photosynthesis, oxygen and sugar. Reactant of cellular respiration: sugars and oxygen. Products of cellular respiration: water and carbon dioxide. (Review the chemical equation of both processes; photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

Producers convert energy from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis. – All organisms release this energy through cellular respiration and use the energy for life processes. – energy is passed through food chains from producers to consumers.

It is possible to calculate how much energy it takes to run an appliance by multiplying the estimated number of hours it is used by its power rating. (review The Kilowatt Kids Investigate 348-349. practice exercises).

How to read a electricity meter: dials are read from left to right. Each dial represents a digit in a four digit number. The four digit number is then multiply by 10 to provide the correct number of kilowatt-hour, pointers that fall between two numbers of a dial are read as the lower of the two numbers. (practice exercise. reading a electricity meter and finding the energy consumption per month).

Most of the energy used today comes from fossil fuels, which are in limited supply. Saving energy not only saves money, bu also preserves valuable natural resources.

Energy sources and usage today are very different from those in the past. – In the last 100 years, energy use has increased dramatically.

When was the light bulb invented?? For whom? 1879 Thomas Edison. The California Electric light company begins operating the first commercial power plant to sell electricity to private customers.

When was the beginning of the automobile age? 1908. Henry Ford. Demand for petroleum.

Why do you think energy usage has increased so dramatically since 1950? The population has increased and consumers have purchased and used more energy consuming goods, such as cars, and electrical appliances.

Energy sources that can be replaced are called renewable; those that cannot are called nonrenewable. The supply of oil and other nonrenewable energy sources is running out.

Renewable resources: energy sources that can be replaced naturally, such as wood, wind, hydroelectricity, and solar energy.

Nonrenewable resources: energy sources that cannot be replaced once they are used up, such as oil, natural gas, uranium, and coal.

What is black gold? Crude oil.

What would happen without oil? What is provides? Uses of petrochemicals, Our civilization would collapse, oil makes our industrial world go around. Provides energy for factories, heat for homes, gasoline for cars, petrochemicals make plastic, paints, fibers, medicines.

What is happening with the demand and supply of oil? Demand for oil is increasing, but the supply is running out.

Other sources of energy: coal, hydroelectricity, wind, garbage, oil, sun, wood, nuclear, and natural gas.

1. Make a plan for saving energy (electricity)

TEST 11. 8A and 8B. Monday, April 20th

REVIEW

Appearances suggest that the sun moves around the Earth. The Earth appears to be motionless, and the Sun appears to move from one side of the Earth to the other. However the RETROGRADE MOTION OF MARS, AND THE SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE NIGHT SKY indicate that the Earth and other planet are revolving around the Sun.

Two models models are used to explain the motions of heavenly objects: HELIOCENTRIC AND GEOCENTRIC.

Heliocentric: The Sun is the center of the solar system and the planets revolve around the sun. Helio means Sun (Helium (an element), was first discovered in the Sun by astronomers before it was found on Earth). Held by Aristotle and Ptolemy.

Geocentric: The Earth is the center of the solar system and the Sun, the moon, and the planets revolve around the Earth. Geo means Earth. Held by Aristarchus and later Copernicus and Galileo.

The Sun rises at different locations on the horizon depending on the time of the year. It moves southward from June to December and northward from December to June.

The mean distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 Km. The mean distance from Earth to the Sun is about 150 million kilometer.

How can you tell the Earth is spherical instead of flat?

We can't see all the way across it, even with a telescope. As ships disappear over the horizon, the top of the mast is the last to disappear. As you approach a point on the horizon, objects behind that point rise into view. Earth's Shadow on the Moon is curved. The Sun's angle above the horizon at noon is lower at more northern location. The Sun does not rise above the horizon at the North and South poles at certain times of year.

Day and night are caused by rotation of the Earth on its axis. Day when it is facing toward the Sun and night when it is facing ways from the sun.

Because of the Earth's tilt, sunlight strikes the Earth more directly in the Northern hemisphere during the summer than at any other time of the year. Also daylight hour are longer during the summer ,contributing to higher temperatures. When one hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun, as the Earth rotates, that side of the Earth will be exposed to the Sun for longer period of time.

The tilt of Earth's axis causes the seasons to change. In Northern hemisphere, the Sun appears at its highest and lowest point during the summer and winter solstices, respectively.

Planet orbit the Sun in an Ellipse, NOT in a perfect circle.

Galileo Galilee, Italian astronomer. The first to effectively use the telescope. Consider himself a Copernican because he supported the idea that the planet revolve around the Sun. Was arrested for holding these ideas. (example of conflict between religion and science).

Copernicus: polish astronomer, who revived and expanded the ideas of Aristarchus. Speculated that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun.

The tropics include all areas on the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhear at lest once during the solar year. in the Temperates zones, north of the tropic of Cancer and South of the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun never reaches this zenith and is never directly overhead. The tropics of Cancer and Capricorn got their names from the fact that on the solstices, the Sun was in front of the constellations Cancer and Capricorns. But because the ellipse that describe the Earth's orbit rotates slowly with respect to the stars, the Sun is now in front of Gemini and Sagittarius at the solstices.

The Tropics, seated in the equatorial region of the world, are limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere.

Solstice is an astronomical event that occurs twice each year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is most inclined toward or ways from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its northernmost and southernmost extreme. (longest day and shortest day of the year (June and December) Summer and Winter solstices respectively).

Equinox: occurs twice a year, when the tilt of the Earht's axis is inclined neither ways from nor towards the Sun, The Sun being vertically above a point on the Equator. Night and day are approximately equally long. Vernal (spring) and autumnal equinoxes.

AU: Astronomical unit, is equal to 150 million kilometers.

Vocabulary: Astronomy, constellation, plane of the ecliptic, revolution, rotation. zodiac, and axis.

List: 12 constellation that make up the Zodiac, time the Earth, Mercury and Mars take to revolve once around the Sun (in days). Average distance from the Sun of Mercury, Earth and Mars on AU and kilometers

NOTAS FINALES III PARCIAL

T: Test

H: Homework

P: Presentation

SC: Science Fair

NB: Notebook

NOTAS FINALES III PARCIAL

L: Lab report
T: Test
SF: Science Fair
P: Presentation
NB: Notebook
EX: Exam

Presentation 8th.

Poster: 5 Points.
Content: 5 Points
Question (Answer): 5 Points.
Question (Formulation): 5 Points

PARTIAL EXAM

8th

Definitions: Rock cycle, igneous rock, basalt, granite, conglomerate, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, sills, dikes, fossils, erosion, weathering, era, period, epoch, lithification, compaction, cementation, paleontology, time scale.

Compare and Contrast: intrusive igneous rock, extrusive igneous rock._ Clastic sedimentary rock, Organic sedimentary rock, Chemical organic rock. _ Foliated metamorphic rock, non foliated metamorphic rock.

Listing: Four types of fossils._ Three Eras. _ Features (characteristics) to classify rocks (2). Examples of each type of rock. intrusive, extrusive, clastic, organic, chemical, foliated, nonfoliated.

Memorize: Rock cycle, and the figure above.

Review

In sedimentary rock is the greatest number of fossils. The heat and pressure that cause igneous and metamorphic rocks would destroy most organic material before it could be preserved. Igneous rock makes up more than two thirds of the Earth’s crust. They size of crystal in igneous rock is determined by the rate of cooling.

PARTIAL EXAM

7TH

Review:

1. The production of the gastric juices that the stomach uses in the digestive process depends to some extent on the emotional state of the individual. fear and Sadness reduce the amount of gastric juices in the stomach, which is why we often don't fell hungry when we are afraid or unhappy.

2. Energy is the ability to cause matter to move of change.

3. The energy in food is changed into the energy of motion and body heat, and it is used to build and repair body cells.

4. Growth and activity depend on storage and release of energy.

5. All temperature changes are essentially transfers of energy.

6. Energy comes in many forms, including light, heat, sound, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy.

7. There are two types of energy: Potential energy is stored energy (potential because it has the potential to make something happen), and Kinetic energy is energy of motion (the energy an object has because of its motion).

8. Energy can be converted from one form to another. ALL forms of energy can be converted into other forms. energy transformation is a change in energy from one form to another.

9. Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it CANNOT be created of destroyed. During energy transformations, the total amount of energy remains the same because energy cannot be created or destroyed. some of the energy in a transformation is changed into heat that does no work.

10. Energy converters CANNOT be 100% efficient because they lose useful energy to friction while they are operating.

11. Efficiency is the ratio of waste energy to effective work of a system.

12. Chemical energy is energy stored in the arrangement of atoms and molecules. Is the potential energy stored in chemical bond. Example: Fuel, food, wood, match.

13. Electrical energy is the energy of charged particles.

14. Nuclear energy is released during fission ( Fission is by splitting atomic nuclei) and fusion (fusion is by forcing nuclei together) reaction. Nuclear energy is by far the MOST CONCENTRATED form of energy. Example: Atomic bomb, Star.

15. Energy that makes the sun shine, comes from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to make helium.

16. Radiant energy takes the form of electromagnetic waves. Sunlight takes only 8 minutes to travel from the sun to Earth, and distance of 150 million kilometers. Light travels 300,000 km/s.

17. Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the atoms and molecules within a substance. Thermal energy is heat. Example: volcano.

18. Fluorescent lamp save 5 TIMES more energy than using a normal bulb (incandescent lamp).

19. Energy changes include an INPUT, CONVERTER, and OUTPUT.

Answer.

1. Two example for each form of energy.

2. Two examples for each type of energy.

3. Efficiency of the energy converter. p 326. Human, hydroelectric plant, electric motor, furnace, incandescent and fluorescent lamp.

4. Input and Output of 5 different converters.

5. Energy make over. 5 examples of converting device and the energy change.

Test 10

8A and 8B

Monday, 03/16/09

Review.

1. FAULT is the boundary between two rocks sections that have been displaces relative to each other.

2. Plate tectonics theory states; that the Earth's crust is make up of rigid plates that move, and that mountains are formed when plates collide. Tectonic plates are responsible for building features on the Earth's surface, the motion of these plates causes continental drift.

The outer crust of the Earth is broken into seven large, rigid plates and several smaller ones. The continents and oceans ride on top of these plates.

3. Weathering is the process by which a rock is worn down by water, wind, or ice.

4. Erosion occurs when weathered fragments of soil, rock, and other materials are carried away.

5. The external forces of weathering and erosion are offset by internal forces that cause the land to be uplifted.

6. Rocks under stress either bend to form FOLDS, or beak to create FAULTS. Therefore FOLDS are bending of rock under stress.

7. Epicenter is the position on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.

8. Focus o hypocenter is the point at which stress breaks the friction lock between two plates of the Earth's crust. The hypocenter can be far below the surface

9. Magnitude is the strength of an earthquake.

10. Richter scale of magnitude is a scale used to measure the strength of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves.

11. Seismographs are instruments that record the vibration of the Earth during an earthquake. Seismograph provide a method for determining an earthquake's strength.

12. Every earthquake is given a number that describes the magnitude, or strength, of the earthquake.

13. A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface through which lava and other material erupt.

14. Lava is magma that emerges on the Earth's surface.

15. Magma is molten rock that triggers earthquakes and creates volcanoes as it rises within the Earth.

16. Volcanoes generally occur along plate boundaries. Most volcanoes are created when plates collide . Some are formed when two plates move apart, when the plates separate, magma move up from below to fill the gap. Other volcanoes, called hot spot, do not occur at plate boundaries, instead they are found at points in the Earth's crust where large amount of magma are being formed, the magma rises and pushes through the plate, forming a volcano.

17. The severity of of an eruption is determined by the bases in the magma. If the gases can escape gradually, there is usually no explosion.

18. Rocks are classified into three groups based on the way rocks were formed.: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.

19. Igneous rock is a rock formed by cooling and solidification of magma or lava (formed when molten rock cools).

20. Igneous rocks that form on the surface of the Earth are called extrusive or volcanic rocks ( formed from the molten lava that flows onto the surface of the Earth. When cooling of molten rocks occurs deep within the crust, the igneous rock formed is called intrusive, or plutonic rock ( formed from slowly cooling magma deep within the Earth's crust).

Answer.

1. Why earthquakes occur more often in certain areas?

2. How are most earthquakes caused?

3. Describe how the formation of folds and faults can result in mountains.

Solve.

4. How much stronger is an earthquake that is 6.4 in the Richter scale than an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.4??

5. How much weaker is an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.5 than an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5??

5. Compare and contrast the the three types of volcanoes that occur along plate boundaries (Shield, Cinder cone, and composites).

6. List the most abundant extrusive and intrusive rocks. How are they formed?

7. Magnitude of volcanoes with moderate to slight damage.

8. How many earthquakes with great damage are recorded each year?

Test 9

7 A and 7B
Monday, 03/16/09

Review

1. Acids and bases are compounds that form certain types of ions when they dissolve in water.
2. Compare and Contrast Acids and Bases.
Acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Acids are classified as strong or weak depending on how many hydronium result when they dissolve in water. The stronger the acid, the more hydronium ions that form. Acids taste sour.
Bases is a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Can be classified as strong or weak depending on how many hydroxide ions they produce when dissolved in water. Stronger base greater number of hydroxide ions. Bases have a soapy slippery fell and a bitter taste.

3. When an acid and a base are mixed, they react to form water and salt. When Hydrochloric acid is mixed with sodium hydroxide (base), the salt sodium chloride (table salt) is produced.

4. Compare and Contrast Combustion and Corrosion.

Combustion (burning) is a chemical change that involves a rapid reaction with oxygen. Combustion is the process of chemically combining a substance with oxygen so rapidly that heat and light are produced.

Corrosion (rusting) is a chemical change that involves a slow reaction with oxygen. Corrosion is a slow destructive process, often involving metals that combine with oxygen to form a new compound.

5. In a chemical change, the total mass of the reactants is the same as the total mass of the products.

6. Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Matter cannot be destroyed, only rearranged during chemical reactions. The same number and type of atoms exist after a chemical reaction as existed before the reaction.

7. Chemical reaction is a process in which a chemical change occurs: reactants yield products.

8. Compare and contrast Reactants and Products in a chemical reaction.

Reactant are the substances that are present before the change (starting materials) , the substances that react or change. Products are the new substances formed as result of the chemical change (occurs when substances interact to become a new substance)

9. A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reactions using chemical formulas.

10. Energy is the ability to cause matter to move or change. The energy come from the food you eat which comes from the sun. The energy in food is changes into the energy of motion and body heat.

11. Energy is used to build and repair body cells. Growth and activity depend on storage and releases of energy.

12. All physical and chemical changes require the input or release of energy in some form.

13. Heat is a type of energy; therefore, all temperature changes are essentially transfers of energy.

14. Energy comes in many forms: light, heat, sound, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy.

15. There are two types of energy: Potential energy and Kinetic energy.

Potential energy is stored energy (potential because it has the potential to make something happen). Kinetic energy is energy of motion (the energy an object has because of its motion).

Answer:

1. List three examples of acids and bases (common and scientific name)

2. Write the chemical formulas of hydronium ions and Hydroxide ions.

3. Describe all the places where chemical digestion takes place. (Story of Digestion p 302).

4. Why we often don't fell hungry when we are afraid or unhappy? explain.

5. Write and explain (identify the reactant and products) three examples of chemical reaction using word equation and chemical equation.

6. Write an word and chemical equation for corrosion and combustion.

7. In the examples above distinguish the elements from the compounds (Question 5 and 6).

8. Which acid is stronger if Acid A produces 20 hydronium ions dissolved in water while Acid B produced 25 hydronium ions dissolved in water?

UPDATED GRADES

T: Test. 10 pts each

H: Homework. 2 pts each

L: Lab reports. 5 pts each

SC: Science Fair: 20 pts.

P: Presentation. 10 pts.

7A and 7 B: 55 pts accumulated.

8A: 52 pts accumulated.

8B: 54 pts accumulated.

8th Grade Study Guide

Test 9

8A and 8B: 04/03/09

All following statements are True.

1. Forces applied to structures may be classified as either tensile, compressive, or shear.

2. Structures are compressed by their own weight.

material that respond to the removal of stress by returning to their original shape are said to behave elastically.

3. Compressive force is a force that preses a material together.

4. Deflection is the amount that a material bends when a force is applied to it.

5. Shear force is the force that causes bending or twisting in a material.

6. Tensile force is a force that causes material to stretch.

7. Spider's web is stronger than copper or wood.

8. The strength of any material can be increased by changing its shape.

9. A cantilever is a beam that is fixed at one end.

10. An arch provides more strength against a vertical load than does a simple beam.

11. An arch transforms vertical loads into lateral ones..

12. A dome is closely associated with the arch. A dome is essentially a rotated arch.

13. Bridges are classified according to their structures.

14. A truss is a framework of connected planks or steel bars that add strength and support to a structure.

15. Each major period of history is characterized by its own unique architecture.

16. Modern architecture is often based on models from the past.

17. Architectural design is often based on available technology.

18. Structures that fail may do so because of unsound design, chemical changes, or physical changes.

19. Materials used in construction have characteristic chemical and physical properties that determine their durability and strength. Changes in theses properties can cause failure.

20 Elasticity determines a material's reaction to different forces.

Study ALL the question from the presentations.

Compare and contrast: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Renaissance and Moderns Civilization.

7th Grade Study Guide

Test 8

7B: 05/03/09

7A: 06/03/09

Study Guide.

T or F (All the following statements are True)

1. Chemical are uniform substances with predictable properties.

2. Each chemical has certain chemical and physical properties that distinguish it from other chemicals.

3. Chemical changes are not easily reversed.

4. Chemical changes form new substances, but physical changes do not.

5. Properties are characteristics that distinguish one substance from another.

6. All chemicals can be classified as either elements or compounds.

7. Around 100 elements exist naturally on Earth.

8. The periodic table is a chart in which all known elements are organized according to their chemical properties.

9. All matter in the universe is made up of elements, either alone or in different combinations.

10. Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

11. The number of electrons around the nucleus must be equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

12. Atoms consist of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons.

13. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

14. A neutron has almost the same mass of a proton, but an electron has much smaller mass.

15. The columns of the periodic table are referred to as groups, and the rows are referred to as periods.

16. There are 18 groups in the periodic table, numbered from left to right.

17. The elements within a group share more properties with each other than they do with any of the other elements. Ex: elements in group 1 are metals, while elements in group 18 are gases.

18. There are 7 periods.

19. The periodic table arranges the elements in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal rows, with elements that look and act alike in vertical columns.

20. The chemical formula of water is H2O.

Answer.

1. Definition of: Reactants, products, word equation.

2. Describe water (at least 5 properties) that does no confuse it with other liquids, such as oil, alcohol, vinegar etc.

3. List: the six elements found in all living things. (with the symbol); The three most abundant elements on the Earth's crust.

4. How many protons are found in then nucleus of Helium, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen? how many electrons?

5. Write the chemical equation and word equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water, and the reaction of carbon with oxygen to form Carbon dioxide. (S131).

GRADES III PARTIAL

8A: 22 pts accumulated

8B: 24 pts accumulated

T: test; H: Homework

T: Test; L: Lab reports.

Test 8 Sciences 7th

Monday, February 23

Study Guide.

T or F. All the following statements are True.

No two objects can occupy the same space at the same time.

Weight is measured in Newtons

The gram is the base unit for measuring mass. The liter for measuring volume.

A change of state is a physical change.

Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid rapidly becomes a vapor (gas).

Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

Condensation is when a gas becomes liquid.

Chemical are uniform substances with predictable properties.

Each chemical has certain chemical and physical properties that distinguish it from other chemicals.

Bubbles, heat, light, and color changes may indicate a chemical change. Chemical change are not easily reversed.

Chemical change form new substances, but physical changes do not.

Examples of physical changes are: breaking, dissolving, boiling, evaporating, or freezing.

Atoms, the basic units of all the elements, are not the smallest form of matter.

Answer.

1. What is matter? S86

2. What is molecule? S87

3. What is mass? S90

4. What is weight? S90

5. Compare and contrast mass and weight (at least 2 differences and 1 similitude)

6. What is density? S92.

7. List the four statement of the atomic theory. S100

8. What is an atom? S100

9. What is electron? S101

10.What is a proton? S102

11. What is a neutron? S102.

12. Answer the five questions of Checking Your Understanding on p S105.

13. State the temperatures at which oxygen, aluminum, water and hydrogen would be liquid and gas. p242.

Exercises. (show all work)

1. Find the weight of your parents (both) and siblings (all).

2. A block of pine wood has a mass of 120 g and a volume of 300 ml. what is the density of the wood?

3. Find the density of the objects measured in Lab 7: "Mass and Volume". Lemon, baseball ball, rock, and egg. which objects would you expect to float on water, why?.

Solve the study guide on your notebook. Write question and answer of print the study guide and paste it in the notebook.

TEST 8 SCIENCES

Monday, February 16

8th A y B

Study Guide

ANSWER:

1. What is gravitational force (gravity)?

2. What is weight?

3. What is mass? how do they differ (mass and weight)?

4. Describe the first two laws of Isaac Newton that describe motion and its related forces.

5. Describe the Gravitational Theory.

6. What is Friction (frictional force)? List 3 examples of friction (name the surfaces involved)

7. List three ways we can reduce friction.

8. List three harms of friction.

9. What is inertia?

10. Relationship between inertia and mass.

T or F

1. A large mass exerts a stronger pull than does a smaller mass at the same distance. True (gravitational attraction depends on their masses and the distance between them (objects)).

2. Objects with different masses accelerate downward at the same rate. True. (more force is needed to accelerate a larger mass, and because of its greater mass, the pull of gravity acting on the larger mass is greater than the pull of gravity acting on the small mass).

3. Acceleration and force are directly proportional, as force increases, acceleration increases. True.

4. Inertia is not a force, is a quality of an object that causes it to resist any change in its state of rest or motion. True.

5. Friction occurs when surfaces rub against each other. True.

6. Friction is greater when motion is starting than when it is continuing. True.

7. Friction is greater for heavier weight. True.

8. The greater the mass, the greater the inertia, that is the greater the tendency of an object to remain as it is and the greater the force needed to alter the object's state. True

Practice

1. Find the Force (weight) of an object if its mass is 220 Lbs.

2. Find the acceleration of a 75 kg skater that pushes off from a wall with a force of 200 N.

3. Fin the mass of an object with a force of 15 N.

4. Find the weight of your parents and siblings on Earth.

5. Find the weight of your parents and siblings on Mars and Moon.