Presentation 8th.

Poster: 5 Points.
Content: 5 Points
Question (Answer): 5 Points.
Question (Formulation): 5 Points

PARTIAL EXAM

8th

Definitions: Rock cycle, igneous rock, basalt, granite, conglomerate, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, sills, dikes, fossils, erosion, weathering, era, period, epoch, lithification, compaction, cementation, paleontology, time scale.

Compare and Contrast: intrusive igneous rock, extrusive igneous rock._ Clastic sedimentary rock, Organic sedimentary rock, Chemical organic rock. _ Foliated metamorphic rock, non foliated metamorphic rock.

Listing: Four types of fossils._ Three Eras. _ Features (characteristics) to classify rocks (2). Examples of each type of rock. intrusive, extrusive, clastic, organic, chemical, foliated, nonfoliated.

Memorize: Rock cycle, and the figure above.

Review

In sedimentary rock is the greatest number of fossils. The heat and pressure that cause igneous and metamorphic rocks would destroy most organic material before it could be preserved. Igneous rock makes up more than two thirds of the Earth’s crust. They size of crystal in igneous rock is determined by the rate of cooling.

PARTIAL EXAM

7TH

Review:

1. The production of the gastric juices that the stomach uses in the digestive process depends to some extent on the emotional state of the individual. fear and Sadness reduce the amount of gastric juices in the stomach, which is why we often don't fell hungry when we are afraid or unhappy.

2. Energy is the ability to cause matter to move of change.

3. The energy in food is changed into the energy of motion and body heat, and it is used to build and repair body cells.

4. Growth and activity depend on storage and release of energy.

5. All temperature changes are essentially transfers of energy.

6. Energy comes in many forms, including light, heat, sound, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy.

7. There are two types of energy: Potential energy is stored energy (potential because it has the potential to make something happen), and Kinetic energy is energy of motion (the energy an object has because of its motion).

8. Energy can be converted from one form to another. ALL forms of energy can be converted into other forms. energy transformation is a change in energy from one form to another.

9. Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it CANNOT be created of destroyed. During energy transformations, the total amount of energy remains the same because energy cannot be created or destroyed. some of the energy in a transformation is changed into heat that does no work.

10. Energy converters CANNOT be 100% efficient because they lose useful energy to friction while they are operating.

11. Efficiency is the ratio of waste energy to effective work of a system.

12. Chemical energy is energy stored in the arrangement of atoms and molecules. Is the potential energy stored in chemical bond. Example: Fuel, food, wood, match.

13. Electrical energy is the energy of charged particles.

14. Nuclear energy is released during fission ( Fission is by splitting atomic nuclei) and fusion (fusion is by forcing nuclei together) reaction. Nuclear energy is by far the MOST CONCENTRATED form of energy. Example: Atomic bomb, Star.

15. Energy that makes the sun shine, comes from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to make helium.

16. Radiant energy takes the form of electromagnetic waves. Sunlight takes only 8 minutes to travel from the sun to Earth, and distance of 150 million kilometers. Light travels 300,000 km/s.

17. Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the atoms and molecules within a substance. Thermal energy is heat. Example: volcano.

18. Fluorescent lamp save 5 TIMES more energy than using a normal bulb (incandescent lamp).

19. Energy changes include an INPUT, CONVERTER, and OUTPUT.

Answer.

1. Two example for each form of energy.

2. Two examples for each type of energy.

3. Efficiency of the energy converter. p 326. Human, hydroelectric plant, electric motor, furnace, incandescent and fluorescent lamp.

4. Input and Output of 5 different converters.

5. Energy make over. 5 examples of converting device and the energy change.

Test 10

8A and 8B

Monday, 03/16/09

Review.

1. FAULT is the boundary between two rocks sections that have been displaces relative to each other.

2. Plate tectonics theory states; that the Earth's crust is make up of rigid plates that move, and that mountains are formed when plates collide. Tectonic plates are responsible for building features on the Earth's surface, the motion of these plates causes continental drift.

The outer crust of the Earth is broken into seven large, rigid plates and several smaller ones. The continents and oceans ride on top of these plates.

3. Weathering is the process by which a rock is worn down by water, wind, or ice.

4. Erosion occurs when weathered fragments of soil, rock, and other materials are carried away.

5. The external forces of weathering and erosion are offset by internal forces that cause the land to be uplifted.

6. Rocks under stress either bend to form FOLDS, or beak to create FAULTS. Therefore FOLDS are bending of rock under stress.

7. Epicenter is the position on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.

8. Focus o hypocenter is the point at which stress breaks the friction lock between two plates of the Earth's crust. The hypocenter can be far below the surface

9. Magnitude is the strength of an earthquake.

10. Richter scale of magnitude is a scale used to measure the strength of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves.

11. Seismographs are instruments that record the vibration of the Earth during an earthquake. Seismograph provide a method for determining an earthquake's strength.

12. Every earthquake is given a number that describes the magnitude, or strength, of the earthquake.

13. A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface through which lava and other material erupt.

14. Lava is magma that emerges on the Earth's surface.

15. Magma is molten rock that triggers earthquakes and creates volcanoes as it rises within the Earth.

16. Volcanoes generally occur along plate boundaries. Most volcanoes are created when plates collide . Some are formed when two plates move apart, when the plates separate, magma move up from below to fill the gap. Other volcanoes, called hot spot, do not occur at plate boundaries, instead they are found at points in the Earth's crust where large amount of magma are being formed, the magma rises and pushes through the plate, forming a volcano.

17. The severity of of an eruption is determined by the bases in the magma. If the gases can escape gradually, there is usually no explosion.

18. Rocks are classified into three groups based on the way rocks were formed.: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.

19. Igneous rock is a rock formed by cooling and solidification of magma or lava (formed when molten rock cools).

20. Igneous rocks that form on the surface of the Earth are called extrusive or volcanic rocks ( formed from the molten lava that flows onto the surface of the Earth. When cooling of molten rocks occurs deep within the crust, the igneous rock formed is called intrusive, or plutonic rock ( formed from slowly cooling magma deep within the Earth's crust).

Answer.

1. Why earthquakes occur more often in certain areas?

2. How are most earthquakes caused?

3. Describe how the formation of folds and faults can result in mountains.

Solve.

4. How much stronger is an earthquake that is 6.4 in the Richter scale than an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.4??

5. How much weaker is an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.5 than an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5??

5. Compare and contrast the the three types of volcanoes that occur along plate boundaries (Shield, Cinder cone, and composites).

6. List the most abundant extrusive and intrusive rocks. How are they formed?

7. Magnitude of volcanoes with moderate to slight damage.

8. How many earthquakes with great damage are recorded each year?

Test 9

7 A and 7B
Monday, 03/16/09

Review

1. Acids and bases are compounds that form certain types of ions when they dissolve in water.
2. Compare and Contrast Acids and Bases.
Acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Acids are classified as strong or weak depending on how many hydronium result when they dissolve in water. The stronger the acid, the more hydronium ions that form. Acids taste sour.
Bases is a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Can be classified as strong or weak depending on how many hydroxide ions they produce when dissolved in water. Stronger base greater number of hydroxide ions. Bases have a soapy slippery fell and a bitter taste.

3. When an acid and a base are mixed, they react to form water and salt. When Hydrochloric acid is mixed with sodium hydroxide (base), the salt sodium chloride (table salt) is produced.

4. Compare and Contrast Combustion and Corrosion.

Combustion (burning) is a chemical change that involves a rapid reaction with oxygen. Combustion is the process of chemically combining a substance with oxygen so rapidly that heat and light are produced.

Corrosion (rusting) is a chemical change that involves a slow reaction with oxygen. Corrosion is a slow destructive process, often involving metals that combine with oxygen to form a new compound.

5. In a chemical change, the total mass of the reactants is the same as the total mass of the products.

6. Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Matter cannot be destroyed, only rearranged during chemical reactions. The same number and type of atoms exist after a chemical reaction as existed before the reaction.

7. Chemical reaction is a process in which a chemical change occurs: reactants yield products.

8. Compare and contrast Reactants and Products in a chemical reaction.

Reactant are the substances that are present before the change (starting materials) , the substances that react or change. Products are the new substances formed as result of the chemical change (occurs when substances interact to become a new substance)

9. A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reactions using chemical formulas.

10. Energy is the ability to cause matter to move or change. The energy come from the food you eat which comes from the sun. The energy in food is changes into the energy of motion and body heat.

11. Energy is used to build and repair body cells. Growth and activity depend on storage and releases of energy.

12. All physical and chemical changes require the input or release of energy in some form.

13. Heat is a type of energy; therefore, all temperature changes are essentially transfers of energy.

14. Energy comes in many forms: light, heat, sound, electrical, nuclear, and chemical energy.

15. There are two types of energy: Potential energy and Kinetic energy.

Potential energy is stored energy (potential because it has the potential to make something happen). Kinetic energy is energy of motion (the energy an object has because of its motion).

Answer:

1. List three examples of acids and bases (common and scientific name)

2. Write the chemical formulas of hydronium ions and Hydroxide ions.

3. Describe all the places where chemical digestion takes place. (Story of Digestion p 302).

4. Why we often don't fell hungry when we are afraid or unhappy? explain.

5. Write and explain (identify the reactant and products) three examples of chemical reaction using word equation and chemical equation.

6. Write an word and chemical equation for corrosion and combustion.

7. In the examples above distinguish the elements from the compounds (Question 5 and 6).

8. Which acid is stronger if Acid A produces 20 hydronium ions dissolved in water while Acid B produced 25 hydronium ions dissolved in water?

UPDATED GRADES

T: Test. 10 pts each

H: Homework. 2 pts each

L: Lab reports. 5 pts each

SC: Science Fair: 20 pts.

P: Presentation. 10 pts.

7A and 7 B: 55 pts accumulated.

8A: 52 pts accumulated.

8B: 54 pts accumulated.

8th Grade Study Guide

Test 9

8A and 8B: 04/03/09

All following statements are True.

1. Forces applied to structures may be classified as either tensile, compressive, or shear.

2. Structures are compressed by their own weight.

material that respond to the removal of stress by returning to their original shape are said to behave elastically.

3. Compressive force is a force that preses a material together.

4. Deflection is the amount that a material bends when a force is applied to it.

5. Shear force is the force that causes bending or twisting in a material.

6. Tensile force is a force that causes material to stretch.

7. Spider's web is stronger than copper or wood.

8. The strength of any material can be increased by changing its shape.

9. A cantilever is a beam that is fixed at one end.

10. An arch provides more strength against a vertical load than does a simple beam.

11. An arch transforms vertical loads into lateral ones..

12. A dome is closely associated with the arch. A dome is essentially a rotated arch.

13. Bridges are classified according to their structures.

14. A truss is a framework of connected planks or steel bars that add strength and support to a structure.

15. Each major period of history is characterized by its own unique architecture.

16. Modern architecture is often based on models from the past.

17. Architectural design is often based on available technology.

18. Structures that fail may do so because of unsound design, chemical changes, or physical changes.

19. Materials used in construction have characteristic chemical and physical properties that determine their durability and strength. Changes in theses properties can cause failure.

20 Elasticity determines a material's reaction to different forces.

Study ALL the question from the presentations.

Compare and contrast: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Renaissance and Moderns Civilization.

7th Grade Study Guide

Test 8

7B: 05/03/09

7A: 06/03/09

Study Guide.

T or F (All the following statements are True)

1. Chemical are uniform substances with predictable properties.

2. Each chemical has certain chemical and physical properties that distinguish it from other chemicals.

3. Chemical changes are not easily reversed.

4. Chemical changes form new substances, but physical changes do not.

5. Properties are characteristics that distinguish one substance from another.

6. All chemicals can be classified as either elements or compounds.

7. Around 100 elements exist naturally on Earth.

8. The periodic table is a chart in which all known elements are organized according to their chemical properties.

9. All matter in the universe is made up of elements, either alone or in different combinations.

10. Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

11. The number of electrons around the nucleus must be equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

12. Atoms consist of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons.

13. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

14. A neutron has almost the same mass of a proton, but an electron has much smaller mass.

15. The columns of the periodic table are referred to as groups, and the rows are referred to as periods.

16. There are 18 groups in the periodic table, numbered from left to right.

17. The elements within a group share more properties with each other than they do with any of the other elements. Ex: elements in group 1 are metals, while elements in group 18 are gases.

18. There are 7 periods.

19. The periodic table arranges the elements in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal rows, with elements that look and act alike in vertical columns.

20. The chemical formula of water is H2O.

Answer.

1. Definition of: Reactants, products, word equation.

2. Describe water (at least 5 properties) that does no confuse it with other liquids, such as oil, alcohol, vinegar etc.

3. List: the six elements found in all living things. (with the symbol); The three most abundant elements on the Earth's crust.

4. How many protons are found in then nucleus of Helium, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen? how many electrons?

5. Write the chemical equation and word equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water, and the reaction of carbon with oxygen to form Carbon dioxide. (S131).