STUDY GUIDE

PARTIAL I

1. Population Characteristics:

- NUMBER of individual in it constantly changes (due to birth, death, and migration)

-DENSITY is the number of organism in an area.

2. Limiting factors in a population:

Are the resources that a population needs to survive, like food, soil , nutrients, and living space. Determinates how large a population can grow.

3. Types of succession:

- Primary succession: series of changes that occurs in an area where the land has never had organism living ( new island make from eruption of volcano, uncovered rock after the melting of glaciers). In other words occurs in areas where no soil exist.

-Secondary succession: series of changes that occurs after an original community has been disturbed of destroyed (forest fires, flood). In other words occurs in areas where soil exist and therefore is faster than primary succession.

4. Pioneer species: Are the first living thins to appear in a previously lifeless area or disturbed area (lichen, mosses, alga, and grasses)

5. Natural resources: Are all natural substances that human can remove from the environment for their own use.

-Renewable resources: can be replaced at the same speed asthey are used (crops, livestock, nitrogen, carbon)

-Nonrenewable resources: cannot be replaced at the same speed that we use them (oil mineral, metal, fossil fuels).

6. Pollution: contamination of the environment, making the environment unclean with pollutants (waste products such as poisonous gases, liquid chemical, radioactive materual, heat, garbage, and noise).

7. Consevation: The wise use of material an energy. Conserving material, energy, recycling solid wastes and saving water.

8. Source of energy: 90% of energy comes from fossul fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are nonrenewable resources.

9. The water cycle:
Water moves between the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere(water) and lithosphere (soil).
Atmosphere (air): enters to the atmosphere by the processes of evaporation and transpiration. Within the atsmosphere condensation and precipitacion occurs.
Lithosphere (soil): enter or falls into the lithosphere by precipitation, once in the lithosphere can take two different ways: runoff (over the surface) orseepage (reaching the ground water).
Hydrosphere (water): enters or falls to the hydrosphere by precipitation, runoff and seepage.

10.The Carbon Cycle:
Ocean (hydrosphere) is the main reservoir of Carbon (71% of the total carbon). Plant only use 1% held in the atmosphere, circulated, and used in photosynthesis. Fossil carbon is the second reservoir of carbon (22% of the total carbon in the biosphere).
Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition, take up and relase carbon and oxygen.
Carbon in the atmosphere: carbon dioxide gas.

11.The Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen in the atmosphere: Nitrogen gas. Non usable form for living things, except some bacteria.
Nitrogen in the soil: Ammonia and Nitrates. Usable form for plants. Root uptake.
Nitrogen in living things: tissues and some carbon compounds.
Major Nitrogen reservoir: Atmosphere: 80%. i.e. Abundant in non usable forms and scarce in usable forms for living thing.
Nitrification: nitrogen fixation: conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia. The ONLY organisms able to do it are bacteria. Some abiotic factor can fix nitrogen such as: lightning, volcanic eruption and very high temperatures.

Denitrification: Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. Release nitrogen into the atmosphere.

12. Cycle or regrowth: occurs after a natural disaster. Restore the diversity of living organism.

13. Diversity: term used to describe different characteristics in all living things.

14. Levels of classification.

From the most general to the most specific.

Kingdom--Phylum--Classes--Orders--Families--Genus--Species.

15. Kingdoms:

Monera--Protista--Fungi--Plantae--Animalia.

Eubacteria--Archaebacteria--Protista--Fungi--Plantae--Animalia.

16. Kingdom Monera:

-Eubacteria: True bacteria.

Smallest and simplest life-form. Single celled, often live in chain or clusters of cells. Prokaryot (Procarionts) cell (lack of nuclei and other organelles). Divided in bacteria (small staff) and cianobacteria (blue bacteria, fresh water, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, nitrification). There are three basic shapes: cocci (round shape), bacilli (rod shaped), and spirilli (spiral shaped).

-Archaebacteria: one group of monera, different at the cellular level and able to live in extremely harsh environment.

17. Kingdom Protista:

More complex single celled organism. Eukaryots (Eucarionts) cell (with true nuclei and other organelles). Their cell do not form tissues or organs. Divided in 3 groups:

-Plantlike protist: Prophyta (alga, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, cell walls).

-Animal like protist: Protozoan ( motile, no cell wall or chlorophyll).

-Funguslike protist: Slime molds and water molds.

18. Kingdom Fungi:

Multicellular, complex cell structure (eukaryot), cell walls and no chlorophyll. Divided in 3 groups based on their body structure and way of reproduction:

-Threadlike Fungi: the hyphae (fungus body) are unpacked (threadlike hyphae that make up the bodies). Gray powdery growing on bread, mold.

-Club Fungi: Mushroom, they grow on the soil or dead trees, is make up of closely packed hyphae.

-Sac Fungi: Yeast and Mildews. Parasites that attack and cause diseases in plant.

19. Kingdom Plantae:

Multicellular, complex cell structure, cell walls, cholorophyll, autotrops, cells specialize to from many different types of tissues and organ structure. Largest group of living things on earth. Plants are divided in form groups: Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm. (study the comparative table).

20. Kingdom Animalia:

Study the comparative table (Vertebrates and Invertebrates)