Review 8th ( for Friday, May 22)

Content:

23-1 A Garden in Space p 501

23-2 The Beginning of the Garden. p503

23-3 Breaking Ground. p 507.

24-1 Water Everywhere

The Plant Body p S162

How plant contribute to our lives? Food, shade, beauty, flowers, building materials, medicines.

Biosphere: An area or region where conditions are suitable for living things to survive.

All living things have basic needs that are necessary for their survival regardless of where they are ( food, air, light, and water). In order for people to colonize other planets, an environments similar to the Earth’s must be established.

Germinate: to sprout or begin to develop. Given the right conditions, seeds will develop into plants.

Ferns (Seedless plants) use spore capsules for reproduction.

Gymnosperms (Seed plants) conifers or cone bearing plants, have naked (uncovered) seed and angiosperm (seed plant) flowering plants have covered seed.

Draw and describe the life Cycle of a Plant.

Soil is made up of rock and mineral particles and the decaying remains of living things (organic matter and humus).

Function: Soil provides support for the roots of plants and holds the water, air, and nutrients needed for plant growth.

Soils with fine particles have a greater water holding capacity (amount of water a soil can hold) than soils with coarse particles.

Factors affecting plant growth include soil type, temperature, nutrients, water, and light.

Humus: a part of fertile soil that is derived from the decomposition of living things.

Loam: a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.

Nutrients: chemicals needed for the functioning and growth of living things.

Percolation rate: The speed at which a certain volume of water passes through a sample of soil.

Texture: the feel of soil. What determines the texture of soil? The particle size.

Describe the 3 types of soil (sand, silt, and clay)

Most plant have leaves, stems, and roots and produce flowers.

Leaves produce food by photosynthesis. Are the food making organs of plants. during photosynthesis plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. Structure of Leaves: blades are thin and flat. Veins bring water and minerals into the leaf. Epidermis is a layer of cells that covers both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and prevents the loss of water from inner cells. chloroplast: organelles inside the leaf that absorbs light for photosynthesis. Stomata: Small pores in leaves that allow gases to enter and leave plants. Function of leaves: food making activities, release water inside the plant into the atmosphere.

Stem is the midsection of a plant's body, that in most plants, grows above the ground.

Stem function: hold up the leaves and transport materials through continuous strands of vascular tissue (vascular tissue are groups of water carrying and food carrying cells). Types of Stems: Herbaceous stem: are soft and flexible stems, such as beans, grasses. Woody stems: are stiff and hard, such as trees.

Roots are the part of a plant's body that, in most cases grows under ground.

Roots functions: anchor a plant in the ground, and absorb water and minerals through root hairs. Types of roots: Taproots are large, central roots that grow almost straight down. Most branch, but the branches are much smaller than the main root. Fibrous roots: consist of many thin roots that are all about the same size. often form a dense network near the surface of the soil. they branch extensively and have no single main root. Structure: Root hair: absorbs most of the water (are extensions of the epidermal cells). The growing region of the roots are at the tip of it protected by a root cap.

Stems and roots grow in length by producing new cells at their tips.

Flowers are structures used in reproduction. Perfect flower contain both male and female parts (hermaphrodites). The male part of the flower produces pollen grains which five rise to sperm cells. The female part, produces egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a stamen (male part) to a pistil (female part).

Be able to label all the parts of a leaf and flower.

Water enters a plant through its roots and exits through its leaves.

Water moves from one plant cell to another by osmosis.

A plant’s structure permits the distribution of water throughout the plant.

Osmosis: movement of water particles across a semipermeable membrane to areas where water particles are less concentrated.

Photosynthesis: the process in which green plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food. Stomata: Narrow openings in the leaves of a plant through which gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor) pass into and out of the plant.

Transpiration: the movement of water out of a plant through the stomata in its leaves.

How does a plant take in water? through the roots (absorption).

How is the water released again into the Earth’s environment? through the stomata in the leaves (transpiration).

What determines the direction that the water move? (osmosis) concentration of solutes.